CHAPTER
I
OPENING
A.
Background of the Study
In
sociolinguistics a variety, also called a lect, is a specific form of a
language or language cluster. This may include languages, dialects, registers,
styles or other forms of language, as well as a standard variety. The use of
the word "variety" to refer to the different forms avoids the use of
the term language, which many people associate only with the standard language,
and the term dialect, which is often associated with non-standard varieties
thought of as less prestigious or "correct" than the standard.
This
following paper is going to explain about Language Varieties and Vernacular
nation. Those are Vernacular Language, Standard Language, Lingua Franca,
Pidgin, Creoles, and Jargon. It will talking about the definitions, the
example, and the differences one another.
B.
The Problems
1.
What
is the Vernacular Language?
2.
What
is the Standard Language?
3.
What
is the Lingua Franca?
4.
What
are the Pidgin, Creoles, and Jargon?
C.
The Purposes of Written
1.
The
Reader will get understanding about the vernacular Language.
2.
The
Reader will get understanding about the standard Language.
3.
The
Reader will get understanding about the Lingua Franca.
4.
The
Reader will get understanding about the Pidgin, Creoles, and Jargon.
CHAPTER
II
CONTENTS
LANGUAGE
VARIETIES AND VERNACULAR NATIONS
In
order to assess the relative claims of different languages it is necessary to
look at their status and the functions which they serve. Sociolinguists have
developed a number of ways of categorizing languages, according to their status
and social functions. The distinction between a vernacular language and a
standard language is a useful place to start.
A.
VERNACULAR LANGUAGE
1.
Definition
A vernacular or vernacular Language is the native Language or
native dialect (usually colloquial or informal) of a specific population,
especially as distinguished from a literary, national or standard variety of
the language, or a lingua franca (also called a vehicular language) used in the
region or state inhabited by that population. Some linguists use
"vernacular" and "nonstandard dialect" as synonyms.
Furthermore this language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people
in a particular country or region. In addition, the language use spoken as
one’s mother tongue; not learned or imposed as a second language. Vernacular
language use in speech or written works, using the mother tongue of a country
or region. Vernacular describes everyday language, including slang, that’s used
by the people, the vernacular is different from literary or official language;
it’s way people really talk with each other, like how families talk at home.
One of the hardest things about writing for school is getting away
from the vernacular and learning to write in more formal ways that don’t come as
naturally. You can also say specific groups have a vernacular, meaning the
unique way people in a certain region or profession speak’. It generally refers
to a language which has not been standardized and which does not have official
status. Vernaculars are usually the first languages learned by people in
multilingual communities; in addition, they are often used for a relatively
narrow range of informal function.
2.
Characteristics
a.
The
standard native language of a country or locality;
b.
The
everyday language spoken by a people as distinguished from the literary
language;
c.
A
variety of such everyday language specific to a social group or region: the
vernaculars of New York City;
d.
The
idiom of a particular trade or profession: in the legal vernacular;
e.
An
idiomatic word, phrase, or expression;
f.
The
common, nonscientific name of a plant or animal;
g.
Native
to or commonly spoken by the members of a particular country or region;
h.
Using
the native language of a region, especially as distinct from the literary
language: a vernacular poet;
i.
Relating
to or expressed in the native language or dialect;
j.
Of
or being an indigenous building style using local materials and traditional
methods of construction and ornament, especially as distinguished from academic
or historical architectural styles;
k.
Occurring
or existing in a particular locality; endemic: a vernacular disease;
3.
Examples
Dialog 1 Banjar language
Intan : Eh, napa diulah? Maliat pang.
Sinta : Anu nih, ada barita hanyar.
Intan : Barita napa teh ?
Sinta : Ada paninian tacabur ka susumuran. Ujer ditunjul tuyul
macal pang !!
Intan : parah ikam ne. dusta wara !!
Sinta
: paraya kada parcaya. Hahaha…
B.
STANDARD LANGUAGE
1.
Definition
Language may also be varied according to whether it is perceived to
be correct or not. In regard to this view, terms ‘standard’ and ‘non-standard’
variety of a language are applied. A standard language is developed as a result
of a sociopolitical process. It is not entirely the same as the formal variety
of a language. A standard variety of a language includes both formal and
informal or colloquial variety. However, the language used in the formal
occasions is often characterized with the use of standard forms. Thus, in
regard to the occasion where the variety is used, the standard language variety
might be associated with the formal variety.
A Standard language is generally one which is written, and which
has undergone some degree of regularization or codification (for example, in a
grammar and a dictionary). Furthermore, it is a language variety used by a
group of people in their public discourse. Alternatively, varieties become
standard by undergoing a process of standardization, during which it is
organized for description in grammars and dictionaries and encoded in such
reference works. Furthermore, Standard languages arise when a certain dialect
begins to be used in written form, normally throughout a broader area than that
of the dialect itself.
In English, a definition of the standard variety has been stated
once as this quoted : “Standard English is that variety of English which is
usually used in print, and which is normally taught in schools and to non
native speakers learning the language. It is also the variety which is normally
spoken by educated people and used in news broadcasts and other similar
situation”, (Peter Trudgill, 1978).
From the quotation above, two criterions to identify standard
English are suggested. First, standard English is printed (written variety).
Second, it is taught to non-native speakers in schools.
2.
Characteristics
a.
A
recognized dictionary (standardized spelling and vocabulary)
b.
A
recognized grammar
c.
A
standard pronunciation (educated speech)
3.
Example
Dialog 2, Indonesia language
Ira :
Permisi. Maaf saya menggangu, bu. Bolehkah saya bertanya ?
My Teacher : Iya. Silakan.
Apa yang mau kamu tanyakan?
Ira :
Begini bu, sehubungan dengan tugas yang anda berikan. Kapan batas pengumpulan
tugasnya?
My Teacher : Batas
pengumulannya sampai minggu depan.
Ira : Oh.
Terima kasih ibu.
My
Teacher : Sama-sama.
Vernacular
Language vs Standard Language
Example
of African-American vernacular English
|
Example
of African-American Standard English
|
She very nice
|
She’s very
nice
|
The beer warm
|
The beer’s
warm
|
She be at
school on weekdays
|
She’s always
at school on weekdays
|
The children
do be messin’ around a lot
|
The children
do mess around a lot
|
Characteristics
of Vernacular Language
|
Characteristics
of Standard Language
|
Limited used
in certain area
|
Can be used
in many areas
|
Low prestige
|
High pretige
|
The variety
used for daily interaction in informal domains
|
A prestigious
variety. Economic, social, and political influences
|
An uncodified
or unstandardized variety
|
Codified from
grammar and dictionaries
|
C.
LINGUA FRANCA
1.
Definition
A lingua franca is a language which is used as a means of
communication among people who have no native language in common. A lingua
franca (/ˌlɪŋɡwə ˈfræŋkə/; lit. Frankish tongue), also known as a bridge
language, common language, trade language or vehicular language, is a language
or dialect systematically used to make communication possible between people
who do not share a native language or dialect, particularly when it is a third
language that is distinct from both native languages.
Lingua francas have developed around the world throughout human history,
sometimes for commercial reasons (so-called "trade languages") but
also for cultural, religious, diplomatic and administrative convenience, and as
a means of exchanging information between scientists and other scholars of
different nationalities.
The use of lingua francas has existed since antiquity. Latin and
Koine Greek were the lingua francas of the Roman Empire and the Hellenistic
culture. Akkadian and then Aramaic remained the common languages of a large
part of Western Asia from several earlier empires.
In certain countries, the lingua franca is also the national
language. For example, Urdu is the lingua franca of Pakistan as well as the
national language. Indonesian has the same function in Indonesia, although
Javanese has more native speakers. Still, Indonesian is the sole official
language and is spoken throughout the country. Also Persian is both the lingua
franca of Iran and its national language.
2.
Characteristics
a.
Lingua
franca is neither defined by its linguistic history nor its linguistic structure
but by its functionality;
b.
A
lingua Franca is not confined within the geographical, cultural or linguist
boundaries of the communities who identify as native speakers of the language,
unlike a vernacular language which is limited within the linguist boundaries of
the community using it as a native language;
c.
All
lingua franca are used as a linguistic bridge linking different cultures,
civilizations, and religions which otherwise would never have been linked.
3.
Examples
The best modern example of a lingua franca is English which is used
all over the world and is arguably the primary lingua franca in the modern
world. Other lingua franca which are used extensively include Spanish, Hindi,
Portuguese, German, Arabic, Russian and French.
The only documented example of a sign language serving as a lingua
franca is the Plains Indian Sign Language which is used all over North America.
It was used as a second language across many indigenous peoples. Alongside or a
derivation of Plains Indian Sign Language was Plateau Sign Language, now
extinct. Inuit Sign Language could be a similar case in the Arctic among the
Inuit for communication across oral language boundaries, but little research
exists. In the European Union, the use of English as a lingua francas has led
to the emergence of a new dialect called Euro English
D.
PIDGINS AND CREOLES
1.
Definition
of Pidgins
A Pidgin, or contact language, is the name given to any language
created, usually spontaneously, out of a mixture of other languages as a means
of communication between speakers of different tongues. Pidgins have
rudimentary grammars and restricted vocabulary, serving as auxiliary contact
languages. They are improvised rather than learned natively.
Pidgin language (origin in Engl. word `business'?) is nobody's
native language; may arise when two speakers of different languages with no
common language try to have a makeshift conversation. Lexicon usually comes
from one language, structure often from the other. Because of colonialism,
slavery etc. the prestige of Pidgin languages is very low. Many pidgins are
`contact vernaculars', may only exist for one speech event.
A pidgin is “ a language with a reduced range of structure and use,
with NO native speakers.” It grows up among people who do not share a common
language but who want to communicate with each other
A pidgin, or contact language, is the name given to any language
created, usually spontaneously, out of a mixture of other languages as a means
of communication between speakers of different tongues. Pidgins have simple
grammars and few synonyms, serving as auxiliary contact languages. They are
learned as second languages rather than natively.
Some pidgins have expanded into regular vernaculars, especially in
urban settings, and are called `expanded pidgins.' Examples include Bislama and
Tok Pisin (in Melanesia) and Nigerian and Cameroon Pidgin English.
2.
The
Development of Pidgins
As they develop, they can replace the existing mix of languages to
become the native language of the current community (such as Krio in Sierra
Leone and Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea). This stage requires the pidgin to be
learned natively by children, who then generalize the features of the pidgin
into a fully-formed, stabilized grammar (see Nicaraguan Sign Language). When a
pidgin reaches this point it acquires the full complexity of a natural
language, and becomes a creole language. However, pidgins do not always become
creoles - they can die out or become obsolete.
The concept originated in Europe among the merchants and traders in
the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages, who used Lingua Franca or Sabir. Another
well-known pidgin is the Beach-la-Mar of the South Seas, based on English but
incorporating Malay, Chinese, and Portuguese words. Bislama, as it is now
called in Vanuatu, is fairly mutually intelligible with Tok Pisin.
Caribbean pidgin is the result of colonialism. As tropical islands
were colonised their society was restructured, with a ruling minority of some
European nation and a large mass of non-European laborers. The laborers, both
natives and slaves, would often come from many different language groups and
would need to communicate. This led to the development of pidgins.
The word is derived from the Chinesepronunciation of the English
word business. Pidgin English was the name given to a
Chinese-English-Portuguese pidgin used for commerce in Canton during the 18th
and 19thcenturies. Some scholars dispute this derivation of the word
"pidgin", and suggest alternative etymologies, but no alternative has
been deemed convincing enough to garner widespread support. In Canton, this
contact language was called Canton English.
3.
Definition
of Creoles
Creole (orig. person of European descent born and raised in a
tropical colony) is a language that was originally a pidgin but has become
nativized, i.e. a community of speakers claims it as their first language. Next
used to designate the language(s) of people of Caribbean and African descent in
colonial and ex-colonial countries (Jamaica, Haiti, Mauritius, Réunion, Hawaii,
Pitcairn, etc.)
A creole is “a pidgin which has become the mother tongue of a
community,” and therefore has native speakers. A creole language, or just
creole, is a well-defined and stable language that originated from a
non-trivial combination of two or more languages, typically with many
distinctive features that are not inherited from either parent. All creole
languages evolved from pidgins, usually those that have become the native
language of a community. The most kinds of pidgin but now be a creol as like
Melanesia pidgin (Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea). Another example from this is
Bislama pidgins in Vanuatu.
4.
The
Development of Creoles
In linguistics, creole is pidgin which from time to time and from
one generation to thww next generation that continues to develop into a variety
of languanges. By the time adults use pidgin as an intermediate langiange a
group of children or grandchildren they acquire and use the languange as a
first languange( mother tounge).
For children or grandchildren no longer called pidgin but creole.
Creole is alao often reffered to as a languange pidgin that has native
speakers. In the languange of the user community pidgin shift or different
naming of the languange used. Pidgin for the older generation and Creole to the
younger generation.
At rhe level of creole, grammmar and vocabulary begin to intricate
and complex. Creole is a languange extension pidgin, both grammatically
complexity and vocabulary exapansion of pidgin be equated with creole
languanges in other countries that have it.
5.
The
procces of Development from Pidgins to Creoles
In general, overall language can be changed. Sometimes the language
changes occur in a short time as a result of contact between two languages
used by people with backgrounds different languages. In such circumstances
may arise that name pidgin. Pidgin usually have a very simple grammar with a
vocabulary of different languages so that mixing the two elements of the
language led to a mixture of languages.
A pidgin has no native speakers (native speakers). If you have a
native speaker's language is called a creole language. So, creole is a pidgin
development that has had a parent language (mother tongue). Some languages
are considered creole language in Indonesia, among others, is the Malay language
and Betawi Malay Ambon. So, creole is the result of language contact as well
which is the development of a pidgin.
Pidgin creole arises when a mother tongue in a particular
community. The structure is still describe the structure of pidgin, creole but called
for being their mother tongue. Pidgin can be a creole when the foreign speakers
and used by his descendants were then frozen as their first language. It just
said creole pidgin language if this has been going on for generations.
Creoles have more speakers than pidgin. Because creoles evolved
through his children and grandchildren, and only a pidgin language of the
original. When someone mentions a creole language, then the language should
have first been proven historically about its origins. Because in determining
whether or not a creole, a language historically has a very important role and
have a very close relationship.
Creolization is a linguistic development that occurs because the
two languages in contact for a long time which is pidgin speakers had breed.
And so on if creole able to survive and continue berkembanga it would creole
language bias to larger and more complete example is the language of Sierra
Leone in West Africa which later became the national language.
Creole language developed from pidgin language. First of all, a
language is used as a first language in an area, then the youth, especially the
merchants, activities interaction by trade.
From various origins traders, when they interact with other
countries that are much different languages have either structural or
functional, so they created a new language with quotes, and to paraphrase of
their own languages understood by all traders concerned that they are able to
interact well. First language in an area that depends on whether the area is
the result of colony, who occupier, and the influence of what is left.
E.
JARGON
1.
Definition
Jargon also refers to the words that are known and usedb y a
certain group of people which usually concerns with a certain field of
occupation (Widarso, 1989:63). We can also say that jargon is the technical
language of a particular profession. Usually it is quite easy to find the
meaning of a jargon without using a special dictionary.
Jargon is a literary term that is defined as the use of specific
phrases and words in a particular situation, profession, or trade. These
specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in
that field. Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of
writing.
The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some
technical pieces of writing, when the writer in tends to convey something only
to the readers who are aware of these terms. Therefore, jargon was taken in
early times as a trade language, or as a language of a specific profession, as
it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that
particular profession. In fact, specific terms were developed to meet the needs
of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
2.
Jargon
and Slang
Jargon is sometimes wrongly confused with slang, and people often
take it in the same sense but a difference is always there. Slang is a type of
informal category of language developed within a certain community, and
consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the
actual meanings. Hence, it is not understood by people outside of that
community or circle. Slang is more common in spoken language than written.
Jargon, on the other hand, is broadly associated with a subject,
occupation, or business that makes use of standard words or phrases, and
frequently comprised of abbreviations, such as LOC (loss of consciousness), or
TRO (temporary restraining order). However, unlike slang, its terms are
developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific
profession, or section of society. We can see the difference in the two
sentences given below.
·
Did
you hook up with him? (Slang)
·
Getting
on a soapbox (Jargon)
3.
Examples
Jargon is like a type of shorthand between members of a particular
group of people, often words that are meaningless outside of a certain context.
Following are some examples of jargon that will help illustrate the concept.
Examples of Medical Jargon
|
Examples of Business Jargon
|
Examples of Police Jargon
|
BP – Medical
shorthand for blood pressure.
FX - Medical jargon meaning bone fracture.
IM – Intramuscular.
|
The 9-to-5 - Business
jargon meaning a standard work day.
Sweatequity - Getting a stake in the business instead of pay.
Bang for the buck - A term that means, to get the most for
your money.
|
10-4 - Radio
jargon meaning Okay or I understand.
Code Eight - Term that means officer needs help immediately.
Code Eleven - A code that means the individual is at the scene
of the crime.
|
Examples of
Military Jargon
|
Examples of
Political Jargon
|
Examples of
Internet Jargon
|
TD – Temporary
duty.
SQDN - A squadron.
SAM - Surface-to-Air missile.
|
Getting on a
soapbox - Making a speech in public.
Right wing - Jargon meaning a conservative view point.
Left wing - Political jargon for liberal, progressive
viewpoint.
|
BTW - By
the way.
LOL – Laugh out loud.
FAQ – Frequently asked questions.
|
CHAPTER
III
CLOSING
A.
Conclusion
Vernacular
describes everyday language, including slang, that’s used by the people, the vernacular
is different from literary or official language; it’s way people really talk
with each other, like how families talk at home. Meanwhile, Standard language;
the variety of a language that is considered as a better one for its
phonological, lexical, and grammatical correctness.
A
lingua franca is a language which is used as a means of communication among
people who have no native language in common. Also known as a bridge language,
common language, trade language or vehicular language, is a language or dialect
systematically used to make communication possible between people who do not
share a native language or dialect, particularly when it is a third language
that is distinct from both native languages.
REFERENCES
Brown, S. &
Attardo, S. (2000).Understanding Language Structure, Interaction, and
Variation. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics and Sociolinguistics for
Nonspecialists. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press.
G. Sarah and
Thomason. (2001). Language Contact. Edinburg: Edinburg University Press Ltd.
J. Gumperz.
(1983). Sociolinguistics: An introduction to language and society. New York:
Penguin Books
Sumarsono.
(2007). Sosiolinguistik. Yogyakarta: Sabda dan Pustaka Pelajar.
Walt Wolfram
and Natalie Schilling-Estes. (1998). American English: dialects and variation.
Malden, Mass: Blackwell.
https://dayupurnami.wordpress.com/vernacular-and-standard-language/
Accessed on March 3rd, 2018 at
09.08 AM
http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-jargon.html#7gV5MCfE4fg2IMB8.99
Accessed on March 3rd, 2018 at
12.10 PM
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